Policy Brief: Efficiency and Performance of Packaging EPR Systems in the EU

This policy brief summarises a comparative assessment of packaging EPR systems in eight EU Member States, asking which market structures deliver the best combination of recycling performance and cost efficiency.

Drawing on a four-pillar framework (environmental outcomes; economic efficiency; system design; and innovation) the brief compares competitive, monopolistic and quasi-monopolistic models and distils practical lessons for PPWR implementation.

Key insights include:

• System design and regulation shape outcomes by defining responsibilities, cost allocation and enforcement.
   
• Systems where PROs hold operational and material responsibility and cover full costs perform more effectively.
   
• Competitive settings, when supported by clear rules and strong oversight, can improve efficiency and drive continuous improvement.
   
• Harmonised data, definitions and monitoring are essential for transparent comparison and progress across Member States.

The brief offers concrete guidance for policymakers, regulators and system operators.