This policy brief summarises a comparative assessment of packaging EPR systems in eight EU Member States, asking which market structures deliver the best combination of recycling performance and cost efficiency.
Drawing on a four-pillar framework (environmental outcomes; economic efficiency; system design; and innovation) the brief compares competitive, monopolistic and quasi-monopolistic models and distils practical lessons for PPWR implementation.
Key insights include:
System design and regulation shape outcomes by defining responsibilities, cost allocation and enforcement.
Systems where PROs hold operational and material responsibility and cover full costs perform more effectively.
Competitive settings, when supported by clear rules and strong oversight, can improve efficiency and drive continuous improvement.
Harmonised data, definitions and monitoring are essential for transparent comparison and progress across Member States.
The brief offers concrete guidance for policymakers, regulators and system operators.