Efficiency and Performance of Packaging EPR Systems in the EU

This publication presents a comparative analysis of packaging EPR systems across eight EU countries, asking which designs deliver better recycling outcomes at fair cost. It provides evidence for policymakers and industry as Europe implements the new packaging rules.

What it covers

• Competitive, monopolistic and quasi-monopolistic models assessed side by side
• A common evaluation framework across four pillars: environmental performance, cost and economic efficiency, system design and governance, innovation
• Country case studies distilled into comparable indicators and cost-effectiveness ratios

Key findings

System design matters more than market structure. Operational responsibility, full cost internalisation and strong oversight drive results, with competition adding benefits when paired with accountable operations. These findings support practical, context-sensitive reforms as Member States work toward PPWR targets.